THE ANALYSIS OF THE BATAK TOBA WEDDING CEREMOMNYS SIGNS

Penulis

  • Febriana Yudith Farida
  • Dion Tira Erlangga

Kata Kunci:

analysis, Batak Toba, ceremony, wedding, signs

Abstrak

The Batak Toba wedding ceremony is a vibrant and culturally rich celebration that reflects the traditions and customs of the Batak Toba people, an ethnic group from North Sumatra, Indonesia. This unique wedding ceremony is marked by several significant signs and symbols that hold deep meaning within the community. One of the prominent signs is the "ulos," a handwoven textile worn by both the bride and groom, symbolizing their unity and commitment to each other. Another important sign is the "mangulosi," a traditional dance performed by the couple, expressing their joy and happiness as they embark on their journey together. Additionally, the exchange of "sarune" or traditional Batak jewelry represents the couple's exchange of vows and the sealing of their love. These signs and symbols are integral to the Batak Toba wedding ceremony, reflecting the cultural heritage and values of the community.

Referensi

S. Suprayogi, Javanese Varieties in Pringsewu Regency and Their Origins, Teknosastik, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 714, 2019.

H. Kuswoyo et al., Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Google Apps untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Perangkat Desa Margosari, Kecamatan Metro Kibang, Lampung Timur, J. Hum. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 17, 2022, doi: 10.31004/jh.v2i2.47.

M. Y. Kardiansyah, Wattpad as a Story Sharing Website; Is it a field of literary production?, ELLiC Proc., vol. 3, pp. 419426, 2019.

B. E. Pranoto and S. Suprayogi, A Need Analysis of ESP for Physical Education Students in Indonesia, Premise J. English Educ., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 94110, 2020.

I. Gulö and T. V. Rahmawelly, An Analysis of Omission in Students English Writings, Teknosastik, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 5559, 2019.

L. U. Qodriani, The Use of Phatic Particle Gehin Lampungneses Indonesian Language.

M. Y. Kardiansyah, Tubuh dan Relasi Gender: Wacana Pascakolonial Dalam Novel The Scarlet Letter Karya Nathaniel Hawthorne, Poet. J. Ilmu Sastra, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5867, 2017.

P. MULIYAH, D. AMINATUN, L. N. Hakim, and L. SEPTIANA, MONKEY STORIES: A NEW MEDIA FOR DIGILTAL ENGLISH LEARNING, 2021.

Afrianto, E. T. S. Sujatna, N. Darmayanti, and F. Ariyani, Configuration of Lampung Mental Clause: a Functional Grammar Investigation, Proc. Ninth Int. Conf. Lang. Arts (ICLA 2020), vol. 539, no. Icla 2020, pp. 222226, 2021, doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.210325.039.

B. E. Pranoto and S. Suprayogi, Incorporating 9GAG memes to develop EFL learners speaking ability and willingness to communicate, IJEE (Indonesian J. English Educ., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 130144, 2020.

M. Y. Kardiansyah and A. Salam, Literary Translation Agents in the Space of Mediation, in International Joint Conference on Arts and Humanities (IJCAH 2020), 2020, pp. 592598.

L. Oktaviani, D. Aminatun, and I. Ahmad, PENINGKATAN PROFESIONALITAS GURU SDN 4 MESUJI TIMUR MELALUI PROGRAM T2KT, INTEGRITAS J. Pengabdi., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 333345, 2020.

S. Samanik, Imagery Analysis In Matsuokas Cloud Of Sparrows, Linguist. Lit. J., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1724, 2021.

R. Arpiansah, Y. Fernando, and J. Fakhrurozi, Game Edukasi VR Pengenalan Dan Pencegahan Virus Covid-19 Menggunakan Metode MDLC Untuk Anak Usia Dini, J. Teknol. dan Sist. Inf., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 8893, 2021.

R. Fadilah and H. Kuswoyo, Transitivity Analysis of News Reports on Covid-19 of Jakarta Post Press, 2021.

B. Mandasari and S. T. P. Agusty, MOBILE LEARNING: THE IMPACT OF WHATSAPP USAGE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING, Sect. Ed..

U. Nurmalasari and Samanik, A Study of Social Stratification In France In 19th Century as Portrayed in `The Necklace La Parure` Short Story by Guy De Maupassant, English Lang. Lit. Int. Conf., vol. 2, p. 2, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/ELLIC/article/view/3570

L. U. Qodriani and I. D. P. Wijana, The NewAdjacency Pairs in Online Learning: Categories and Practices, in Ninth International Conference on Language and Arts (ICLA 2020), 2021, pp. 121125.

B. Maulana and S. Suprayogi, Analysis of Sense Relations on Stars Song Lyric By, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4247, 2022.

A. D. Putri, H. Kuswoyo, I. Gulo, E. Ngestirosa, and E. G. Febrina, Pengenalan Wawasan Digital Marketing Bagi Guru SMK N 1 Labuhan Maringgai, Lampung Timur, J. Soc. Sci. Technol. Community Serv., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 147153, 2023.

D. Puspita and D. Amelia, TED-TALK: A SUPPLEMENT MATERIAL TO PROMOTE STUDENTSAUTONOMY IN LISTENING, ELTIN JOURNAL, J. English Lang. Teach. Indones., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 91102, 2020.

L. U. Qodriani and M. Y. Kardiansyah, Exploring Culture in Indonesia English Textbook for Secondary Education, JPI (Jurnal Pendidik. Indones., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 5158, 2018.

W. A. Febriantini, R. Fitriati, and L. Oktaviani, AN ANALYSIS OF VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN, J. Res. Lang. Educ., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 5356, 2021.

A. Afrianto and A. Restika, FUNGSI PEMARKAH WACANA: SEBUAH KASUS DI KELAS BERBICARA PADA LEVEL UNIVERSITAS, LITERA, vol. 17, no. 1, 2018.

M. Y. Kardiansyah, Pygmalion Karya Bernard Shaw dalam Edisi 1957 dan 2000, Madah J. Bhs. dan Sastra, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7588, 2019.

R. C. Reranta and I. Gulö, Short Notices in Bandar Lampung: Errors and Variations.

E. N. E. W. Kasih, S. Suprayogi, D. Puspita, R. N. Oktavia, and D. Ardian, Speak up confidently: Pelatihan English Public Speaking bagi siswa-siswi English Club SMAN 1 Kotagajah, Madaniya, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 313321, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://madaniya.pustaka.my.id/journals/contents/article/view/189

H. Kuswoyo, E. T. S. Sujatna, L. M. Indrayani, A. Rido, and L. M. Indrayani, Theme Choice and Thematic Progression of Discussion Section in Engineering English Lectures, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Learn. Innov. Qual. Educ., vol. 27, no. 4.6, pp. 110, 2020.

A. Renaldi, R. P. Stefani, and I. Gulö, Phonological Difficulties Faced by Students in Learning English, Proc. ISELT FBS Univ. Negeri Padang, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 97100, 2016.

A. Afrianto and I. Gulö, Revisiting English competence at hotel, Teknosastik, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3539, 2019.

B. Mandasari and D. Aminatun, “VLOG: A TOOL TO IMPROVE STUDENTS‟ ENGLISH SPEAKING ABILITY AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL,” Proc. Univ. PAMULANG, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020.

D. Amelia and J. Daud, “Freudian Tripartite on Detective Fiction: the Tokyo Zodiac Murders,” Lang. Lit. J. Linguist. Lit. Lang. Teach., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 299305, 2020, doi: 10.30743/ll.v4i2.3139.

L. Oktaviani, STUDI TENTANG FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA MAHASISWA JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRIS DI UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG.

B. E. Pranoto, Insights from Students Perspective of 9GAG Humorous Memes Used in EFL Classroom, in Thirteenth Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN 2020), 2021, pp. 7276.

S. Suprayogi and B. E. Pranoto, VIRTUAL TOURISM EXHIBITION ACTIVITY IN ENGLISH FOR TOURISM CLASS: STUDENTSPERSPECTIVES, Celt. A J. Cult. English Lang. Teaching, Lit. Linguist., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 199207, 2020.

P. Muliyah, D. Aminatun, S. S. Nasution, T. Hastomo, and S. S. W. Sitepu, EXPLORING LEARNERSAUTONOMY IN ONLINE LANGUAGE-LEARNING IN STAI SUFYAN TSAURI MAJENANG, Getsempena English Educ. J., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 382394, 2020.

I. Gulö, How Nias Sees English Personal Pronouns Used as Preposition Objects, Ling. J. Bhs. dan Sastra, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 147156, 2018.

Samanik, A Contextual Approach: Business Presentation to Accelerate EFL Learners English Speaking Skill Samanik Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia, 2018.

E. Teknis et al., Digitalisasi Pertanian Menuju Kebangkitan Ekonomi Kreatif, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 718, 2022.

L. Journal, F. S. Husna, and H. Kuswoyo, THE PORTRAYAL OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AS SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE WOMAN IN THE WINDOW, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 122130, 2022.

L. U. Qodriani and I. D. P. Wijana, Language Change in New-NormalClassroom, in 4th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2020), 2020, pp. 385389.

D. Puspita, Journal of Literature , Linguistics and, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 4250, 2021.

B. Mandasari, FACTORS INFLUENCING TEACHERSBELIEFS ON THE USE OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS TO TEACH LISTENING.

C. Adelina and S. Suprayogi, Contrastive Analysis of English and Indonesian Idioms of Human Body, Linguist. Lit. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2027, 2020.

D. Amelia, A. Afrianto, S. Samanik, S. Suprayogi, B. E. Pranoto, and I. Gulo, “Improving Publlic Speaking Ability through Speech,” J. Soc. Sci. Technol. Community Serv., vol. 3, no. 2, p. 322, 2022, doi: 10.33365/jsstcs.v3i2.2231.

E. Ngestirosa, E. Woro, and J. E. Strid, “Reconstructing the Border : Social Integration in Reyna Grande ’ s The Distance Between Us,” no. December, 2020.

L. Journal, D. V. Ranti, and E. Nurmaily, “RACIAL PROFILING ON POLICE STOP AND SEARCH PRACTICE AS PORTRAYED IN THE GEORGE TILLMAN ’ S MOVIE THE HATE U,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 93–97, 2021.

T. Yulianti and A. Sulistyawati, Online Focus Group Discussion (OFGD) Model Design in Learning, 2021.

M. Fithratullah, Globalization and Culture Hybridity; The Commodification on Korean Music and its Successful World Expansion, Digit. Press Soc. Sci. Humanit., vol. 2, no. 2018, p. 00013, 2019, doi: 10.29037/digitalpress.42264.

T. I. Setri and D. B. Setiawan, Matriarchal Society in The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd, Linguist. Lit. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2833, 2020, doi: 10.33365/llj.v1i1.223.

D. Aminatun and L. Oktaviani, USING MEMRISE TO BOOST ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS VOCABULARY MASTERY: STUDENTSVIEWPOINT, Proc. Univ. PAMULANG, vol. 1, no. 1, 2019.

L. Oktaviani and B. Mandasari, Powtoon: Presenting SQ3R Implementation in Reading Class through A Web-Based Medium, Proc. Univ. PAMULANG, vol. 1, no. 1, 2019.

D. Puspita and B. E. Pranoto, The attitude of Japanese newspapers in narrating disaster events: Appraisal in critical discourse study, Stud. English Lang. Educ., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 796817, 2021.

A. Wantoro, R. Rusliyawati, M. Fitratullah, and J. Fakhrurozi, Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (Pkm) Peningkatan Profesional Bagi Pengurus Osis Pada Sma Negeri 1 Pagelaran, J. Soc. Sci. Technol. Community Serv., vol. 3, no. 2, p. 242, 2022, doi: 10.33365/jsstcs.v3i2.2163.

H. Kuswoyo and U. T. Indonesia, TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN TRUMP AND TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN TRUMP AND BIDEN IN 2020, no. December, 2021, doi: 10.33365/llj.v2i2.

I. Gulö, Li Niha in the Hands of Bloggers: Better or Worse?, Univ. Teknokr. Indones., p. 35, 2018.

D. Aminatun, P. Muliyah, and H. Haryanti, the Effect of Using Dictogloss on Students Listening Comprehension Achievement, J. PAJAR (Pendidikan dan Pengajaran), vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 262269, 2021, doi: 10.33578/pjr.v5i2.8246.

J. Fakhrurozi and Q. J. Adrian, Kajian Dan Praktik Ekranisasi Cerpen Perempuan di Rumah Panggung ke Film Pendek Angkon, Deiksis J. Pendidik. Bhs. dan Sastra Indones., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3140, 2021.

M. R. Choirunnisa and B. Mandasari, Secondary students views towards the Use of Google Clasroom as an online assessments tools during Covid-19 pandemic, J. Arts Educ., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 19, 2021.

Y. Mertania and D. Amelia, Black Skin White Mask: Hybrid Identity of the Main Character as Depicted in Tagores The Home and The World, Linguist. Lit. J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 712, 2020, doi: 10.33365/llj.v1i1.233.

A. D. Wardaningsih, E. N. Endang, and W. Kasih, COUNTER DISCOURSE OF MACULINITY IN AVENGER : END GAME MOVIE,” no. August, 2022.

R. M. Nababan and E. Nurmaily, “THE HYPERMASCULINITY AS SEEN IN THE MAIN CHARACTER IN RAMBO : LAST BLOOD MOVIE,” vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25–32, 2021.

T. Yulianti and A. Sulistiyawati, “The Blended Learning for Student’s Character Building, in International Conference on Progressive Education (ICOPE 2019), 2020, pp. 5660.

L. K. Candra and L. U. Qodriani, An Analysis of Code Switching in Leila S. Chudoris For Nadira, Teknosastik, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 9, 2019, doi: 10.33365/ts.v16i1.128.

O. Cahyaningsih and B. E. Pranoto, “A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS : THE REPRESENTATION OF DONALD TRUMP IN THE REUTERS AND THE NEW YORK TIMES TOWARDS THE ISSUE OF # BLACKLIVESMATTER,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 75–83, 2021.

A. Afrianto and U. Ma’rifah, “Tubuh dan Relasi Gender: Wacana Pascakolonial Dalam Novel ‘The Scarlet Letter’ Karya Nathaniel Hawthorne,” LEKSEMA J. Bhs. dan Sastra, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 49–63, 2020.

B. R. Utami and A. Y. Wahyudin, “DOES SELF-ESTEEM INFLUENCE STUDENT ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TEST SCORES ?,” vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1620, 2022.

M. D. Winaldo and L. Oktaviani, INFLUENCE OF VIDEO GAMES ON THE ACQUISITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2126, 2022.

U. T. Indonesia, UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS MOTIVATION ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AT UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA Wulandari Pranawengtias In this section , the results of data analysis from the questionnaire are explained in the form of tables and descriptive explanati, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 2732, 2022.

Y. Ardesis, POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN THE STATIONERY SHOP NOVEL BY MARJAN KAMALI, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 3344, 2022.

M. A. Akhdan and D. Aminatun, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ANXIETY AND STUDENT GPA & EPT SCORE DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 4551, 2022.

S. Gultom and L. Oktaviani, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM AND THEIR ENGLISH PROFICIENCY TEST RESULT, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 5257, 2022.

W. M. Seyoum, A. Yigzaw, and H. K. Bewuketu, STUDENTS ATTITUDES AND P ROBLEMS ON Q UESTION-BASED, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 5863, 2022.

A. Aprilia, D. Aminatun, and U. T. Indonesia, “Investigating Memory Loss: How Depression Affects S tudents’ Memory Endurance 1,2,” vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2022.

D. T. Erlangga, “STUDENT PROBLEMS IN ONLINE LEARNING : SOLUTIONS TO KEEP EDUCATION GOING ON,” vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 21–26, 2022.

E. F. Baresh, “DEVELOPING LIBYAN UNDERGRADUATES ’ WRITING SKILLS THROUGH REFLECTIVE JOURNALING : A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW Teaching English in Libya Definition of Reflective Journal Writing,” vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 27–35, 2022.

E. Elbes and L. Oktaviani, CHARACTER BUILDING IN ENGLISH FOR DAILY CONVERSATION CLASS, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3645, 2022.

M. Hestiana, THE ROLE OF MOVIE SUBTITLES TO IMPROVE STUDENTS VOCABULARY, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 4653, 2022.

L. Oktaviani, Y. Fernando, R. Romadhoni, and N. Noviana, Developing a web-based application for school councelling and guidance during COVID-19 Pandemic, J. Community Serv. Empower., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 110117, 2021, doi: 10.22219/jcse.v2i3.17630.

N. Noviana and L. Oktaviani, THE CORRELATION BETWEEN COLLEGE STUDENT PERSONALITY TYPES AND ENGLISH PROFICIENCY ABILITY AT UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 5460, 2022.

S. Crisianita and B. Mandasari, THE USE OF SMALL-GROUP DISCUSSION TO IMRPOVE STUDENTS , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6166, 2022.

M. D. Ariastuti and A. Y. Wahyudin, EXPLORING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND LEARNING STYLE OF, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6773, 2022.

F. Amin and A. Y. Wahyudin, THE IMPACT OF VIDEO GAME : ‘ AGE OF EMPIRES II ’ TOWARD STUDENTS ’ READING COMPREHENSION ON NARRATIVE TEXT,” vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 74–80, 2022.

R. W. Agustin and M. Ayu, “THE IMPACT OF USING INSTAGRAM FOR INCREASING VOCABULARY AND LISTENING SKILL,” J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17, 2021.

R. Risten and R. Pustika, Exploring students attitude towards English online learning using Moodle during covid-19 pandemic at SMK Yadika Bandarlampung, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 815, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://jim.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/english-language-teaching/index

S. Nurmala Sari, D. Aminatun, S. N. Sari, D. Aminatun, S. Nurmala Sari, and D. Aminatun, Students Perception on the Use of English Movies to Improve Vocabulary Mastery, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1622, 2021, [Online]. Available: http://jim.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/english-language-teaching/index

N. R. Putri and F. M. Sari, INVESTIGATING ENGLISH TEACHING STRATEGIES TO REDUCE ONLINE TEACHING OBSTACLES IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2331, 2021.

A. Yuliansyah and M. Ayu, The Implementation of Project-Based Assignment in Online Learning during Covid-19, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3238, 2021.

A. H. Rahmania and B. Mandasari, STUDENTSPERCEPTION TOWARDS THE USE OF JOOX APPLICATION TO IMPROVE STUDENTSPRONUNCIATION, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3944, 2021.

N. Putri and D. Aminatun, USING FACEBOOK TO PRACTICE WRITING SKILL: WHAT DO THE STUDENTS THINK?, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 4550, 2021.

W. I. Erya and R. Pustika, THE USE OF DESCRIBING PICTURE STRATEGY TO IMPROVE SECONDARY STUDENTSSPEAKING SKILL, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 51–56, 2021.

A. Fiddiyasari and R. Pustika, “STUDENTS ’ MOTIVATION IN ENGLISH ONLINE LEARNING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT SMA MUHAMMADIYAH,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 57–61, 2021.

S. Isnaini and D. Aminatun, “DO YOU LIKE LISTENING TO MUSIC ?: STUDENTS ’ THOUGHT ON,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 62–67, 2021.

A. M. Kiswardhani and M. Ayu, “MEMORIZATION STRATEGY DURING LEARNING PROCESS : STUDENTS ’ REVIEW,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 68–73, 2021.

H. T. Yudha and B. Mandasari, “THE ANALYSIS OF GAME USAGE FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 7479, 2021.

E. Afriyuninda and L. Oktaviani, THE USE OF ENGLISH SONGS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH STUDENTS , vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 8085, 2021.

Y. Gustanti and M. Ayu, the Correlation Between Cognitive Reading Strategies and Students English Proficiency Test, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 95100, 2021.

R. Risten, F. Sinaga, and R. Pustika, EXPLORING STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS ENGLISH ONLINE LEARNING USING MOODLE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 815, 2021.

E. Putri and F. M. Sari, INDONESIAN EFL STUDENTSPERSPECTIVES TOWARDS LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SOFTWARE, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2024, 2020.

M. W. B. Simamora and L. Oktaviani, WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE MOVIE?: A STRATEGY OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDENTS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH VOCABULARY, J. English Lang. Teach. Learn., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 4449, 2020.

Unduhan

Diterbitkan

2023-06-22